“Mussalman leitaba leibakti leibak masing thafaroi.” – Nongsamei Puya
Pangal Thunglaba
Pangal haina khangnaba, Islam laining chatpa, meeyoi kanglup ama 1606 CE da Mayang lanmee sing-ga loinana lamdam asida laandaba lak-khi haibasi ngasidi Manipur gi puwari gi tangkak ama oina leenari. Mayang lanmee sing maithikhi amasung makhoiga loinana lak-khiba Pangal lanmee sing lanfa oikhi. Pangal lanfa singda Meitei nupi sing thajaduna loisang lingduna lallup yaohankhi haibagi wafam si Meitei amasung Pangal ani gi eegi mari adu ningsing naba akang-ahei sing na tattana meeyamda hairi. Hairiba wafam asi Pangal gi oiba kumpapa ni hainariba Nongsamei Puya amasung Pangal Thorakpa da marik chumna yaori. Adubu ngasidi puwari asida chammamnaba kaya thoklakpagum toure. Pangal kouba phurup ama tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamangda leirammi haibagi wafam amasu thoklakli. Cheitharon Kumpapa gi matung enna, Khakokpam Panga kouba nupa amana 1513 CE da cheithapa oi hairi (CK, 45). Panga hairiba wahei asi Pangal gi atenba wahei ni haina Saroj Nalini Arambam na mahakki English ta handokpa Cheitharon Kumpapa da hairi (CK, 54). Thingpaicham Pangan na 1557 CE da cheithapa oikhi. Kum amagi cheithapa oiba haibasi leibak-ki awa ana makhoina pujage haiduna thoklakpani amasung cheithapa amada lou sing maral mathum kaya ama piribani, mahak leibak na masak khangba meeyoi ama oigadouribani (Kamei 2012, 27). Kum adu cheithapa meeyoi adugi maming da khangnadouribani. Makha taana, Panganracha Khara haiba nupa amana 1557 CE gi cheithapa oikhi. Saroj Nalini Arambam gi matung enna “Panganracha” haibasi pangan raja haina paba yai, masi oirabadi hairiba cheithapa oiriba nupa asi Pangal sing gi ningthou ni haina louba yai. Masina taklibadi Pangal kouba phurup ama 1557 CE da lamdam asida leire haina mahakna phongdokli (ibid.). Khakokpam Panga amasung Thongcham Panga na 1573 CE amasung 1580 CE da cheithapa oikhi (CK, 58, 60). Maram sing asi leibana Pangal kouba furup ama tara taruk suba chahi cha da, 1606 CE gi lanjao dugi mamangda Manipur da leirabara haibagi chingnaba pokhalli. Chingnaba asina meeyamna khangnariba puwari asi nouhouna neinabagi tanja ama eikhoida piri.
Ibohal Wahengbam (1986, 171) na eeba Manipur gi puwari, The History of Manipur da asumna hai, Pangal haibasi Bangal hairiba wahei asidagi lakpani. Tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamamgda Bangal da gi lakpa meeyoi singbu Pangal haina khangnarammi. Adubu 1606 CE ki matungdagidi Pangal hairiba wahei asi Islam laining chatpa meeyoi sing tagi oina sijinaba hourak-khi. Islam laining chattaba Bengal dagi meeyoi singbu Mayang haina kouba matam dudagi hourak-khi. Abudu hairiba sing asigi akkupa langla langjin di ayeebana lairik asida pirambadi natte. Asigi mathakta tara taruk suba chahi cha da leiramliba Pangal (Bangal) haina khangnariba meeyoi sing asigi marakta Islam laining chatpa meeyoi sungyao yaodabara haibasisu wahang ama oiba yai. Matang asida panba yaabadi, houjikna Aribam saagei haina khangnariba Islam laining chapta Pangal saagei asigi meeyoi sing 1606 CE ki mamangda leiramle haibagi wafam sing su leiri (Salam 2010, 32). Masigi achum araan lepthokpa ama changli. Nongsamei puya amasung Pangal Thorakpa hairiba puya sing asigi matung in-nadi Islam laining chatpa meeyoi amata 1606 CE gi mamangda leiramde. Meitingu Khakempa gi matam da gi eeba houba Nongsamei Puya (2018, 1) gi ahoubada asumna hai:
…sana khufamlen kanglei sana leipakta meeyam mangkan mussalman pu thungtari…mussalman leitaba leibakti leibak masing thafaroi. Mussalman pu thungnapatum thourangpike haiduna pithi wayenpapu wahamkhi.
Mathakki wahei pareng sing asina talklibadi 1606 CE gi mamangda, Meitingu Khakempa na paanba matam gi mamangda, “mangkan mussalman” lamdam asida thungladri. Adubu puya da hairamle haidana adumak chumle, puwari ama eebada puya da yaoramliba pumba sijinaba yaarani haibadudi aranba oigani. Yaoramliba sing adugi achum aran neinaba (historical amasung literary criticism) ama hanna mathou taari (Parratt 2017, 9) [1]. Maram asina mathakta pankhriba sing asi kupthana anouba mawongda neinabada akaiba leite, nouhounana wahang kaya hangbadasu akaiba leite. Eikhoina Pangal gi puwari eeba matamda mathakta pankhriba mayam asida kupthaba mityeng changba haibasi yamna maru oi.
Pangal Lanfa
Tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamangda Islam laining chatpa Pangal sing leirammi natraga leiramde haibagi wafam asina nakal amada thamkhraga, mayang singa loinana lak-khiba Islam laining chatpa Pangal lanmee sing 1606 CE gi lanjao da maithiduna lanfa oina Meitingu gi lallup ta yaokhi haibasidi maichou singna ayetpa leitana yanaraba wafam ni. Matang asida panba yaabadi lallup pathap chatnaba khunnai amada lanfa oibaga houjik eikhoina malem gi mafam kayada uuriba lanfa singi fibam ga yamna khennaba leigani. South East Asia gi matam amagi khunnai sing da ningthou na lanfa mayam ama loiduna thabak suhanbagi chatnabi leirammi. Thailand da sakdina, Burma da ahmudan amasung Manipur da na lallup hairiba khunnai gi uchal sing asida lanfa sing yamna maru oi (Beemer 2013,41-50). Pangal lanfa sing asigi Pangal loisang ama lingduna makhoi lallup kaba yaorammi, amasung makhoigi angam-athou sing na makhoigi oiba phurup ki thabak thouram sing yengsinduna lak-khi. Lakliba Pangal sing asigi heithoi singthoi bagi matung enna makhoiga chanaba saagei sing Meitingu Khakemba na pikhi. Uu-subada heithoi singthoi ba Pangal singi Phundrei saangei semkhi, chafu saabada heithoi singthoibasing na Phusam saagei haina koukhi. Maibam saagei na layengba heiba maiba singi saageini. Chesam saagei asina Manipur da che saba houdok-lak-khibani. Aduga Phisam haiba saagei asina phisa-lonsa gi lamda heithoiba meeyoi sing ni. Khutsu-khutlai sabada heithoi-singthoiraba Aribam saagei asina Pangal singi manungda khwaidagi liraba saageini. Masida nattana, Manipur da Pangal singna fou thabagi anouba mawong amasu houdoktuna lou-u singu badasu achouba thoudang louduna lakli. Manipur gi naat ki oiba pot chei sing saabagi mataang da panba yaaba di, Naoria Sheikh kouba Pangal amana na phajaraba sanabul kouba chafu ama saduna Meitingu Khakemba da khudol tamkhi haibagi puwari su leiri (Shahani 2006, 16-20). Lanfa singna ningthou gi maru oiba angam-athou oirakpada ngakningai karisu leite. Malem gi puwari da lanfa natraga phunganai sing na palliba ningthou adugi khutchabi oiraktuna kainathang da leibak adugi mapu oibagi puwari sing adumak lei, khudam oina hairabada Mamluk Dynasty haina khangnariba Delhi da tara humdoi suba chahi cha da ningthou oina pankhiba sing adu phunganai oina hourak-khi-bani (Pipes 1981, 49).
Manipur gi puwari dasu Pangal sing matam dugi lallup khunnai da angam-athou oiduna leirammi, senmitlon gi achouba thoudang lourammi haibasidi kakningai leite. Leibak ki maru oiba meeyoi sing oiraktuna ningthoukon gi puwari gi saruk ama oina Cheitharon kumpapada Pangal kaya gi ming eikhoina ngasi uba phanglibasini. Matang asida panba yaabadi, Manipur da Islam laining chatpa meeyoi kaya tongan tongan ba matam da changlaktuna Pangal furup ta tinkhi (Salam 2010, 35). Pangal saagei pumnamak lanfa ne haibadi maram asina aranba oigani adubu 1606 CE gi lanjao duda Pangal mayam ama lanfa oiduna lallup yaokhi haibada aranba oiroi. Matang asida wafam ama thoklakli. Lanfa oibagi, maithikhibagi, sothaba adudi Pangal singda leite haiba yaragadara. Wahang asi thoklakpagi maram di tara nipal amasung tara mapal suba chahi cha da lanfa oiduna Burma da pukhiba Meitei sing Burmese khunnai da angam-athou oikhiba yaokhi, adubu makhoi asi Burmese khunnai gi sotharaba saruk (underclass) ama ni haibagi wafam su leiri (Myint-U 2005, 15, 55). Asumna lamdam asida Pangal saagei mayam ama lanfa oina hourak-khi-bana sothaduna houjikfaoba leihouribara haibasisu hangba yaaba wahangni.
Pangal amasung Amaang-Aseng
Pangal singi houjik oiriba fibam asi lamdam sigi puwari da gi khaidoklaga yengba yaroi. Maram asina Pangal sing-gi ngasi oiriba fibam asi neinage hairabadi eikhoina tara nipal suba chahi cha dagi houraga lamdam asida Hindu laining na porak-khiba cheitheng aduga sagonana neinadaba yaroi. Tara nipal suba chahi cha da Hindu gi naat amasung laining laison mara taaba hourak-khi. Hindu lai sing gi murti saaba amasung Hindu lai sang saaba hourak-khi. Saroj Nalini Arambam gi matung inna honglakliba asi yaningdaba Meitei sing-ga murti eratpa yaningdaba Pangal sing-ga punduna Meitingu Charairongba gi ningthou khufam mun-naba hotnakhi (CK, 112). Khongjang asigi saruk oina 1701 CE da Hindu lai Kalika gi laisang mei thakhi. Ningthou gi konung, Mangkan loisang haina khangnariba Pangal loisang amasung yum kayasu mei chak-khi. Konung mei thabada Pangan Sakom kouba nupa ama su yaowi haina Cheitharon Kumpapa da pallamli. Thoudok asida chennaba meeyoi kunthra mathoi, Meitei maichou ama yaona, fagattuna sibagi cheirak pikhi (ibid.).
Tara nipal suba chahi cha da eekhiba Wayen Lairik kouba lairik amada meeyam na ingadaba chatna pathap sing semgatpa hourak-khi. Meitingu Chandakriti ki yathangda tara mapal suba chahi cha da Wayen Lairik asi semdok sadoktuna Smarta Vyavastharnuva kouba lairik ama Bamon Ragunath na eekhi. Lairik asi 1874 CE dagi chatnaba houkhi. Lairik asida Pangal singbu amaangbani makhoiga soknaba samnaba yaade haina laothok-khi (Devi S 2013, 142). Matam aduda Meitei kaya Pangal sing ga louna leinei amasung sokna samnei haiduna enthokpa thoudok kaya ama su leikhi. Khudam oina panba yaabadi, 1870 CE da Kontha Ahallup ta Iroiba Yumjao kouba meeyoi amana Pangal nupi amaga luhongle haiduna enthok-lakpa-dagi Pangal marakta leikhi. Takellambam dagi Meitei amana esing khujai amattada Pangal amaga esing thakminnarui haiduna mahakpu enthok-lak-tuna 1873 CE dagi Pangal singa leiminnakhiba, 1880 CE da Sagolsem Thambal na phisaba Usman ga luhonbagidamak mahakki mama-mapa yaona Lilong Wangma Pangal khullakta khunda-khi-ba nachingba wari kaya ama leiri (Salam 2010, 180). Kun suba chahi cha yourakpada, amaang-aseng gi pathap sing henna kansilak-khi. Meitingu na British ta loipot kaa-naba amasung masagi sengao than-gat-naba hotnabada amaang-aseng gi pathap sing angak pa mawong da meeyamda namsinba hourak-khi. Hindu nattaba meeyoi singbu awaba piba amasung Hindu ne haiba singdagina chandon amasung lugun senkhai na chingba sijinaduna sen khomgatpa hourak-khi (Khuraijam 2016, 82). Chatnabi asi mayoknaruba, muknarubasing busu amaangbani haina laothok-khi. Meeyamgi lamyanba Irabot pusu Pangal singa sokna samnei haiduna amaangba ni haina laothok-khi (Laishram 2018, 137). Amaang asengi chatna pathap singna maram oiduna Meitei amasung Pangal anigi marakta achouba khal ama poklak-khi.
Pangal singi senmilton da amaang-asengna gi chatna pathap na achouba cheitheng ama porak-khi. Uu-subada heithoi singthoiba Phundrei saagei, chafu saramba Phusam saagei, maiba oiduna laiyengamba Maibam saagei, che saaramba Chesam saagei, fisa lonsa gi lam da heithoi singthoiraba Phisam saagei, khutsu-khutlai saramba Aribam saagei na chingba tongan tongan ba Pangal saagei sing amaang-aseng gi chatna pathap na maram oiduna makhoigi sinfam singse thadokpa taakhi. Leibakki senmitlon da achouba mateng oiramba Pangal singi sintha sing asi amaang-asengi chatnabi lakpa asina Pangal singna thadokpa taakhi. Makhoigi saagei sing asi mamingta ngaikhi amasung saagei singi leijaramba sinfam sing loina kaohankhi (Shahani 2006, 16-20). Masimakna Pangal singi senmitlon asi sontharakhibagi achouba maram amani. Maramsing asina ngasi phaoba Pangal singi senmitlon asi yamna sonthana leiri. Khudam oina hairabada, Khwairamband keithel gi lambigi chidaida phamliba potyonbi sing asi Pangal nupina masing helli haina mapham adugi potpham phambisingna haibirak-e.
Eikhoina ngasi Manipur gi Islam chatpa yelhoumee phurup, Pangal, sing da yengliba meetyeng asigi matangda neinage hairabadi makhoigi puwari da nattana malem gi thakta Islam chatpa meeyoi kanglup asida kari thokli, makhoigi fibam kari oiri haiba pandaba yaroi. India da Muslim sing karamna hingli haibasisu neinadaba yaroi. Maramdi malem amasung India gi mafam ateida thokliba thoudok, ngangnariba waa sing asigi saafu Manipur da sunglei leiroi haibadi aranba oigani.
Kaakhan amada malem gi Muslim sing
Kun mathoi suba chahi cha gi hourakpada United States na Muslim singda meeyot-meenei chathabagi laman khumba oina Al Qaeda kouba sunni lalhou lup amana New York ta leiba Twin Tower thugaikhi. Madugi matungdagi Muslim haiba asi “terrorrist” haibaga mannana khannaba hourak-khi (Kundnani 2014, 9-12). Muslim oirabadi “terrorist” oiramba yai haibagi chingnaba ama pokhan-naba tongan tonganba makhal gi pambei, cinema, pao-che na chingba sijinaduna sandokkhi. Malem asida Muslim singi mapanthongi oiba saktam amasung naat ki oiba mannaba sing da yumpham oihanduna Islam laining chatpa singbu kaakhan amada thamjinduna Mulsim bu oirabadi “terrorist” oirabani haibagi wahanthok sagatlakhibani (thouwong asibu Racialization of Muslims haina khangnei) (ibid.,22). Leechat kharabu Muslim gi oiba leechat ni amasung Muslim oirabadi asigumba leechat chatkani haiba sing semgattuna kanglup naiba wakhanlon kaya sagatlakli. Malemgi thakta-da nattana houjik India dasu yamna kanna Islam laining chatpa singbu lanna uhan-na-bagi thouwong kayasu leitaba natte. India amasung Pakistan khaidoknakhiba, Hindu leibak ama sagatpagi manglan da yumfam oiba wakhanlon mara chetsinlakpa asina India da Islam laining chatpa meeyoi sing awaba kaya mayoknaduna lakli (Anand 2011, 1939). Muslim singbu kaakhan amada thamjillaba matungda makhoibu namthariba asigi maram oina, Falguni Sheth (2009, 49) na mahakki Towards a Political Philosophy of Race haiba lairik asida hai:
Leingak amana kanglup ama namthagadouriba asi kanglup aduna leingak adugi mathakta singnarakani, natraga singnarakpa yai haina khallaga namthagadouribani. Leingak adugi punsi nungsangnabani haiduna leingak asi na makhoibu namthagadouribni. [2]
Asumna Islam laining chatpa furup kayabu pullap punna kaakhan amada thamduna hanthaba mityeng amada yengli amasung malem gi mafam kayada namthari. Mityeng asi sagatlakpagi yumpham di makhoigi laining, phijet-chakcha, saktam amasung ming nachingbada mannaba khara leibanani. Khudam oina hairabada Nizamuddin markaz gi thoudok adudagi Muslim khara Covid-19 na naaba yaonarakpana Muslim na Covid-19 sandokpa natraga Muslim pumnamakpu Covid-19 narabagum lounaraktuna kanglup asibu kaakhan amada pulap thamduna taathi-taowoina toubiba amasung leina asibu kanglup naiba leina amagum puthoknarakli (Mahaprashasta 2020) (Ali 2020). Panba yaabadi, Covid 19 gi matangda Muslim singna India da thengnaribasi asi awang nongpok ki meeyoi singna thengnariba asiga thoidokna khennaba leite. Hannadagi houna awang nongpokki yelhoumee singbu mamit khui manaton nammi haiduna pulap oina punsillaga, furup khennarabsu, kaakhan amada thamduna mayang sing na chinki haina hanthaba mityengda yeng-e. Makhoigi fijet-chakcha yengduna, tin-kaang chai, umang-waamang da lei, mafi maron mathong maram khangde, chaokhat-te, mayang-na heinadaba thabak kaya touyi haiduna mamit khuba mee singbu kaakhal amada thamduna hanthana yengi. Aduga Covid 19 laichat asi China da gi hourak-e haiduna malem pumbana khannabana Chinese maanba (haibadi mamit khuba) pumnamak Covid-19 na narammani haibagi wakhallon ama sagatlakli. Wakhanlon asi India dasu chatnarakli. Covid-19 asi mamit khuba singda naba leina ni, haibadi mamitpu khurabadi Covid-19 na narammani haina lounarak-e. Asumna mee oi kanglup kharabu kaakhan amada thamjinbagi (racialization) mityeng asi sawong-sada, sak-chu amasung naat ki khennaba singda yumpham oiduna semgatlakpani.
Muslim singbu kaakhan amada namsinduna thamliba amasung awang nongpok ki meeyoi singbusu kaakhan amada pullap ensinduna thamlaga hanthaba meetyeng da yengba ngamliba asi kanglup ani asina mapangan sonbanani. Senmitlon amasung leingaklon makhoibu namthariba meeyoi sing gi makhutta lei. Malem gi thakta amasung India da Muslim singi oiriba fibam, Manipur gi Pangal sing-gi fibam, makhoi sing asibu punna kaakhal semduna thamba, hanthana yengba asi mapangal kanba kanglup singna thokhanbani. Khudam oina, “terrorist” hairiba wahei asigi wahanthok yengluragadi terrorist ki thowong ni haina louba yaaba thabak kaya angouba meeyoi sing-na paanba leibak, United States na asonba leibak singda chathabiri. Meeramda landaba, ana layeng sang, mahei loisang sing bomb thadaduna thugaiba, meecham kaya hatpa amasung asok apan nanghanba, mapangal sonba furup ki meeyoi singbu otpa neiba pumnamak asi United States ki angouba meeyoi kayana tattana touba thabak singni. Adubu fattabani haina lounariba thabak sing asi angouba singna tourakpa matamdadi touriba meesak singdutada oina mayamna tainei, angouba meeyoi pullapki oiba leechatni hainadi kananasu lounade. Asumna touba ngamlibagi maramdi malemgi thakta angoubasingna mapangal kalli, leingaklon ga mari leinaba khutlai, haibadi pao che na chingba ayamba makhoina paibanani. India dana Hindu laining chatpa singna mapangal kalli, meesing yammi, leingak makhoina paairi. Leibak asida Hindu laining ga mari leinaba meeyam tinbagi thoudok kaya COVID-19 laichat marak asida thokhrabani. Pukham thinbagibu oirasu harao kumhei gibu oirasu mapan thoklaktuna toina meeyam punba yaade haibagi athingba asi thugaikhi. Touriba thabak sing asina leina asi sandokpagi maram ama oiroi hainingai di leite. Adubu kanamattana Hindu na leina asi sandorak-e di hainade. Meesak meesak tuda khaktamak tainei. Khudam oina Kanika Kapoor gumba meeyoi singna meeramdagi lak-e haiba lotsinba amasung makhoigi annaba lotsinduna thamlaga, meeyam tinba mafam singda chatlurabasu furup amasung kanglup naiba wathok ti oirakhide (Kanika Kapoor Tests Positive for Coronavirus Hid Travel History Threw Bash at 5 Star Hotel. March 20, 2020).
Pangal singi mayokta kanglup naiba wakhanlon
Malemgi thakta amasung India da leiriba Muslim singbu tukatchaba amasung hanthana yengba asina Manipur gi Pangal singdasu cheitheng fangdaba natte. Masigi maramdi Islam laining chatpa, meeyoi singi phijet-chakcha amasung ming nachingbada mannaba leibanani. Steve Garner amasung Saher Selod (2014) ki “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia” haiba wareng asida asumna hai:
Laining mannaba meeyoi singbu furup ama oina yengbasi adumak lei. Islamophobia haibadi Islam laining chatpa meeyam, makhoigi naat amasung chatna-lonchat na maram oiduna namthaba asi furup naibagi wakhanlon (racialisation) ga mari leinana yengba yai. [chaorakna Meiteilon da handokpa] [3]
Asumna Manipur da Pangal sing bu yelhoumee ni hairagasu Islam laining chatli, Muslim ateiga phijet chakcha manei haiduna malem gi Muslim sing-ga punna kaakhan amada thamli. Aduga malem asida leiriba Muslim sing asi furup amatagi meeyoi oibagum yengnari haiba yai.
Malemgi mapham ayambada Muslim singbu “terorrist” ni haina khannaba wakhallon asida yaoriba Muslim singda yengba aranba meetyeng adu lamdam sida youraktuna maphamsida leiriba Pangal singda hannadagi yengba mityeng aduga chusinnarakli. Meeyamna aranba leechatni haina hainariba, ‘huranba’, ‘mayai kaba guli yonba’ asinachingba asi furup khudingmakta gi meeyoi sing toudaba natte. Adubu thabak sing asi Pangal kharana touye haiduna, ‘Pangalgi leechat’ ni hairi. Guli yollambada, huranbada attopa mapangal kanba phurup amagi meeyoi sing chennarabadi, fatte haina hainariba leechat asi phurup tuma pullap oina chatle di hainade. Meesak aduda khakta da tainei. Adubu Pangal maraktagi huranba natraga guli yonba phaba matamda ‘Pangal huranba’, ‘Pangal guli yonba’ haiduna Pangal oibaga huranba natraga guli yonba oibaga tatna-thanaba yadraba mari leibagum sagatlak-e. Pangal bu oirabadi leechat sing asi chatlamgani haiba asi achumba ni haina khunnai asida ngangnari. Asumna Pangal singbu asigumba leechat chatpa furup ama oina kaakhan amada thamduna aranba mityengda malemgi amasung India gi Muslim singasu punsinnaduna yengnari haibada haimanba thokloi. Nizammuddin thoudok aduna maram oiduna India da Muslim singbu Covid-19 na naaraba meeyoising ni amasung makhoina laina asi sandokhanbagum unarakliba asimak Manipur dasu tourakpagi mawong leire. Pangal singbu meeyoi kharana changhandaba, pot leige lakpada pibidaba, social media da makhoibu Manipur da Covid-19 sandoklakpagi maram oina uhanbagi thawong kaya amasu urakli (AMMOCOC decries communalisation of COVID-19 issue, April 3 2020). Masimak India gi Muslim ga kaakhal amattada Pangal singu namsillakpa amasung thainadagi leiraklaba Pangal singda tukatchana, hanthana yengbagi mityeng aduna thokhanbani haibada haimanba thokloi.
India gi atei mafam singda Muslim singda toubagum Manipur da su pangal sing gi mathak-ta kaa henba meeyot meenei chatharabara? Wahang asi thoklakpagi maramdi, phurup asiga mari leinaba thoudok wathok kaya ama lamdam asida thokli. Thoudok ama hek thoklakpa matamda Pangal furup pu aranba leechat chatpa furup ama oina khanba, nuung da leiriba wakhanlon, asi hekta chongthoklak-i. Nuung da fumduna leiriba wakhanlon asigi hourakfam ama oina yengba yaabadi India amasung malem gi Muslim sing ga makhoibu punsinduna kaakhan amada namsinduna thamlakhiba amasung pangal singna lamdam asida senmitlongi lamda lisaang sitna sothaduna lak-khi-banani. Asumna Pangal singbu aranba leechat chatpa kanglup ama oina kaakhal amada namsinba ngamliba asi Manipur gi oina Pangal singna senmitlon amasung leingaklon gi lamda mapangal leitabanani.
Endnotes:
1. John Parrat (2017, 9) na The Coils of Pakhangba: A Cultural History of Meeteis da asumna hai :
The puyas then do not give us accurate information about the cultural history of early Manipur, but only inform us as to the outpouring of literary activity from about the 15th century onwards. It is quite possible, of course, that some- like oral traditions- do reflect real historical events and some of the cultural conditions of the early Meeties. But they need to be subjected to rigorous literary and historical criticism before they can be regarded as secure sources…
2. Falguni Sheth (2009, 49) na Towards a Political Philosophy of Race da asumna hai:
With regard to the population that will be cut against, it will be one that sovereign power considers a threat to its own conservation and to the prevailing regime. The nature of the threat that is so posed to sovereign power can be rather ambiguous or broad. It need not in fact be a clear or inevitable challenge to an existing regime; it need only be perceived as such.
3. Steve Garner amasung Saher Selod (2014) na “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia” hairiba wareng asida asumna hai:
Relying on the “religion can be raced” logic, it is the relationship between people, culture and religious observance that constitutes Islamophobia, while racialization provides a concept that enables an understanding of the process of linking them.
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Ruth Chawngthu