AFSPA na Lamdam Asigi Chanura Singda Pikhiba Cheitheng

Manipur yamna pikpa Bharot ki manung channa leiba lamdam amani. Meesing lakh 28 leiba amasung lon, chatnabi amadi laining tongan-tonganba kanglup sing punsinduna leiba maphamni. Khutlai paiduna muknaba leibana maram oiduna mapham marang khangdana leirakpa chahi humfu surakle amasung India gi state sing-gi manungda sifai yamna leiba cheitheng nanglaba (militarised oiba) lam amusu oiri. Masagi phurup ta yumfam oiduna lan houriba kanglup humfu mukka lan thengnanaba India gi lanmee lakh ama mafam asida chaithoktuna leiri. Muknaba asi 1949 da Manipur na Indian Union da tinkhraba matungdagini. Merger Agreement asi Ningthou Bodha Chandra bu Manipur gi matamdugi meeyam mihut oina khankhiba legislature sing adugi ayaba yaodana ‘namphu-saphu touduna amasung meeoibagi hakpu khongaonaduna’ khutyek pihankhibani. Makha tarakpada meeyamgee pendabagi khollao adu khutlai paiba ehou amagi saktam lourakhibani.

Manipur da AFSPA

Naga gi ningkha tambagi khongjang asina awang nongpok ta machin tumkhatlaktuna Manipur dasu sandorakhi. Masigi paokhum oina Bharot leingak na Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958 namsillakhibani. Asumna AFSPA haina khangnariba Act asigi makhada khutlai paiba lalhoubasing bu namthanaba mayang lanmee tengon kaya lamdam asida tharak-khibani. AFSPA asi chahi yangkhei henna awang nongpok ki lamdam da chatnaduna lakle, maru oina Assam, Nagaland, Tripura amasung Manipur da. Mayang lamgi luchingba singna matam sangna pathap asi chummi haina marei touduna, lalhoulup sing-ga langtheng-nanaba lanmee singda ahenba pangal piba mathou tai haidana pathap asi kankhat-tuna lak-khibani. AFSPA na maram oiduna judicial killings, mee-ot meenei, phamlanba (rape) amasung mee-oi kayabu manghankhiba (forced disappearance), meeoibagee hak khongaonaba amasung lanmee singna khutlai paiba lalhouba thengnabagi operation gi ming da meepha mipun chathabagi thouwong kaya ama thokli. Awang nongpok ki mee-oising, maru oina nupisingna, chahi yangkhei henna chatnaraklaba Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958 (AFSPA) ki mayokta ehou houduna lakli. India gi lam ateidagi Manipur na khwaidagi henna sok-khi amasung ot-neiba gee thouwong kaya lamdamsida chathakhi. Manipur gi lalhou lup kayana ngasisu ningtamba phangnabagee damakta lan thengnari. Houriba lan asi chahi yangkhei henna leiraklaba Bharot leibak ki tamthiraba lanmee gi leingak sidagi ningtamba fangnabagi lan ni haina lalhoulup singna hairi. 

AFSPA gi marumda mee-ot

Bharot ki manung channa leiriba Manipur da lanmee singna makhoigi ahenba paangal bu nungaina, athingba amasung yetkhai-thingaiba yaodana sijinnari amasung meeyam singbu makhoigi makhada nonjaraga hingduna leinaba hotnari, adusu ningtamle hairiba democratic oi hainariba leibak asida.

Act asigi marumda mee mayam ama punna punna hatkhiba (massacres) amasung mang takhankhiba mayam adu Manipur gi meeyam khaktana khanghouri. Phamlanba, nupi singda makhut masa sangba, otpa, faduna pukhraga maanghankhiba, haatkhiba, maram chadaba meefa meepun, yum thugaiba amasung pot munba asina chingba kaya asi lamdam asida punsigi tangkak ama oina nungtigi touduna lak-khi. Chahi kharagi mamangda Manipur da numit khuding gi pao-che da lalhouba ni chingnaba mee-oi khara khut thoknaba da leikhidare, meecham ama sak-khangdaba singna hatlamle haibagi e-pao ngakta ngairammi. Lamdam asi khutlai paiba lanmee singna ngamna panbana nongmeina wapham khuding mak wakhei porak-kani haina unarak-khi. Lalhoubani haina chingnaba lei haiduna hatkhiba singdugi achum aran amatasu thigatkhide. Lamdam asigi police nasu naha kaya amasu phakhraba matungda siduna fangkhiba kaya amagisu achum aran khangdana leikhi. Masina nupisingda awa-cheitheng pikhi. Emung kaya amagi nupa kaya ama mangkhiba amadi hatkhiba na maram oiduna nupi kaya ama awa-cheitheng nangduna leihouri. 2009 da lalhoubani haina chingnaba kaya ama hatkhiba sing adu gi chahi chaorakna 20 dagi 35 phaobagi manungda leiba ngaktani amasung emung puriba haibadi yum pallaba angang ama-ani leiraba ngakta oikhi. Lukhrabi nupi sing asi makhoi makhoigi nupa singna sel tanduna yum puramba ngaktani. Nupa dugi senthokna emung adu puduna amadi angang singgi awat apa menduna lak-khibani. Adubu houjikti makhoigi punshi adu machet-machet tana kairaduna akiba manglan amada mangaknaduna amamba punshi marel amada hingli. 1980 gi May tha da gi 2007 gi May 30 faoba da lalhouba 1314 hatkhi amasung meecham 2,675 leikhide aduga 2061 michamsing soktuna leikhi aduga lalhouba 865 khutlai thadoktuna changjakhi. 

Masida nattana nupi kaya ama da phuba cheiba, mee-ot meenei chathaba, nupi oibi kaya bu phamlanbikhiba gi thoudok kaya ama wakatpa faoba ngamkhide. Masigi maramdi makhoibu kihankhiba, karamna kanada wakatkani amasung wakatpagi pathap sing mayek sengna khangkhidaba, natraga sifai thana singga mayoknaba ngamkhidaba dagi anamba oikhi. Asumna phuba cheiba, otpa, wayel chathadabida faaduna thamba, khut challaba matungda hatpa, amasung phamlanba na chingba mee-oibagi hak pu khongaonabagi thouwong kaya ama awang nongpok, maru oina Manipur gi meeyam na mayoknaduna lak-khi. Cheitheng sing asina maram oiraga meecham sing da ngasi natraga nongma di sifai-thana na phuba-cheiba, phaba laklani haibagi masada akiba phaoba amasung wakhal lousing pumnamak mangduna aki-akiba wakhal kaya ama pokhanli. Manipur bu namthaduna thamnaba akiba thouwong kaya ama chattharakpana meecham sing haingamdraba amasung phong-ngamdraba cheinakhol kaya khangduna leiri. Ahingda thong thinduna maning makha tamna emungda changduna thiba humba touba, namphuda mee bu phaba, masing thingamdraba ot-nei bagi thouwong, mari leinaba singda khanghandana fajinkhiba (un-notified detentions) amasung phamlanba na chingba thoudok kaya ama thoktuna lak-khrabani. Asigumba chingnaba khaktada yumpham oiduna paikhatkhiba mee-ot meenei gi thouwong sing asibu leibak asi eng-na chik-na leinabani haina meeyamda phongdokli.

Chanura Singda Thokkhiba Tamthiraba Thoudok Kara

Yamlaba nupi kaya ama mayang lanmee gi saraak tamfam oiduna lakhi. Nupi kaya amabu phamlanduna, mee-ot meenei chathaduna hatpikhraga case pandabasu mayam ama leiri. Mayang lanmee na Manipur da chatthakhiba panba yaaba namsinduna thamkharaba mee-ot gi thoudok khara :

• December 1970 da mayang lanmee na Cheswezy khun da nupi mayam ama phamlanbikhi. Hairiba thoudok asida nupimacha tara nipan amasung yum pallabi nupi mapan phamlanbikhiba amasung mayang lanmee singna nupi yankhei humdoi da makhut masa sangubei pao leikhi.

• 1972 gi July 24 da Mao Songsong khunjao amadi Shajaoba khunda mayang lanmee singna nupi kaya phamlankhi amasung kaya amadana makhut masa sangui hairi. 

• Ukhrul district ki manung channa leiba Ngaprum Khullen dagi chahi 19 da ngairibi Naga nupi macha Rose Ningshen bu mayang lanmee, 95 Border Security Force (BSF) ki officer ming oina pallaba da, Dy. Comdt. Pundir amasung  Asst. Comdt. Negi na March 4, 1974 da R Khasung gi yumda pungmuk khunja singgi mamang da makhoi mayam changduna phamlanbikhi, matamduda khunja singbu nongmei namduna thamkhibana khunja sing karisu touba ngamkhide. Thoudok asigi matung numit nini leiraga Rose Ningshen masa mathanta sijakhi. Mahakka khangnajaba nupa macha amada mahakna mahaki aroiba chithi oina thoudok asigi matangda eduna thamlamkhi.

• 1974 gi March 3 dagi March 5 faoba numit humni thangna-thangnana 95 Bn. Border Security Force ki mayang lanmee khutpu amana Dy. Comdt. Prakash ki yathang makhada Grihang khun gi leisabi Angai (24) bu phamlanbikhi. Humni chanba numitta mahakpu masam paiduna maheisang amada puraklaga phuba-kaoba touduna ot-neiraga khongoinakhi. Amasung phinungi hakchang kayat tasu e-nai taba makhei lichei thingjinduna tamthina mee-ot meenei chathakhi.

• 1974 gi March 6 ki numidang wairam pung 6 taba aduwaida Grihang khun asimakki mayum pallabi Apao amasung leisabi Ashin bu Dy. Comdt. Dharam Prakash ki yathang makha da mayang lanmee anina phaduna puraga chatkhi. Khundagi lapna puthokhraga lanmee animakna Apao amasung Ashin bu umangda tongkhai-tongkhai puraga namphu-haphu touduna nongmei chindonda maphi thokhankhi amasung tamthina phuduna phamlanbikhi.

• 1986 ki January 24 da mayang lanmee ani maming oina pallaba da, Capt. Madir Singh amadi Lt. Sanjeev Dubey na Ngainga Khun gi chahi 15 da suribi nupi macha Luingamla Muinao bu masagi mayum da phamlannaba hotnakhi, maduda mana kanna mayoknabadagi mahakpu nongmeina kaptuna hatkhi. Meesi asigi matung 1986 gi January 25 da Tangkhul Civil Organization amadi Tangkhul Shanao Long  (TSL) ga loinana atoppa maheiroi lup kaya ama pullaga meeyamgi khongchat ama Urkhul khunjao da chatkhi. Ukhrul Long Ground  da achouba public meeting amasu leikhidrabi Luingamla gi asiba hakchang yaona pangthok-khi. Masigi thoudok ka mari leina na 11 March 1986 ta TSL na sinduna Imphal da chaoraba khongchat amasu chatkhi. Masida All Manipur Student Union (AMSU), All Tribal Student Union Manipur ( ATSUM), Tangkhul Naga Long (TNL), Tangkhul Baptist Long (TBL), Naga Student Federation (NSF), Naga People’s Movement For Human rights (NPMHR), Nupilal Marup, Manipur Tribal Human Rights Association na chingba lup kaya ama saruk yakhi. Khongchat loiraba matung meefam amasu singkhi. 11 March ta chingmee tammee anigi Unity Day haina meefam amasu pangthokhi. Thoudok asiga mari leinaba mayang lanmee anida case pankhi. Leimakhong Army Headquarter da Luingamla gi wathok asigi ki court martial hearing da Alungphy Horam, TSL gi Joint Secy. na saruk yakhi. Aroibada, nongmei kapkhiba mayang lanmee sing thabak ta gi louthokhi.

• 1996 ta Imphal gi Takyel Khongban dagi Elangbam Ongbi Ahanjaobi koubi nupi amabu mayang lanmee ani na soinaraba chahi 12 da ngairiba macha nupa gi mamang da phamlanbikhi. Thoudok asina masada nungaitaba ninghannaba kaya leirakpadagi mahakna meeyam mamangda thoklaktuna thamoi sokpa thoudok asi khanghankhi. Meeyam na wathok asibu maru oina louraklaba matung, mayang lanmee ani dugi mayokta court martial tounaba ehou houduna khongjang changsinkhi. Madugi matung 1997 da maral gee matung enna cheirak phangkhi. Elangbam Ongbi Ahanjaobi buna chahi tara nithoi matung 2008 ta compensation oina lupa lakh 2 pikhi. 

• 17 suba Assam Rifles ki mee-oi sing na 2004 gi July 11 da Thangjam Manorama, Henthoi hainasu khangnaba, chahi 32 suba nupi amabu phamlan laba matungda tamthiba mawong da hatkhi. Phamlankhibagi wathok asigee langla langjin singbu kupsannaba thouwong kaya su toukhi adubu Central Forensic Science Laboratory na magi phanek ta fambi (semen) paktuna leiramba thengna khi, pheigan da thangna thinbagi amadi finungda nongmeina panbagi asokpasu leirammi. Justice Upendra Singh na luchingduna wathok asi thijinnaba sinnakhi, adubu wathok adugi paodam adu chahi tara muk meeyamda laothok-khide amasung Assam Rifle na commission aduna wathok asi thijinba yade haiduna, AFSPA gi khudong chaba louraga singnakhi. Phamlankhi haibagi langla langjin adu paodam aduda  puthokkhi. Thangjam Manorama da thok-khiba thoudok asina maram oiduna lanmee singna chathariba sexual violence gi mayokta amasung AFSPA Manipur dagi louthoknaba akanba khongjang hourakkhi. Ehou asigi saruk oina 2004 gi July 15 da phi thongdana Ema tara nithoi na Assam Rifles Headquarters mamangda makhoi asaoba yaningdaba phongdok-khi. Hairiba Ema tara nithoi asibu “Mother of Manipur” haina meeyam na sak khangnari. Ema singna phi louthok tuna “Come India Army Rape Us” haiba banner paiduna laokhi. Ema singna thouna lingjel puthok tuna macha singgi damak ta langthengnage haiduna ekai eki thadok tuna lepkhibani.

Asigumlaba thouwong kaya asi ngasi su akhoina kaodri amasung masigi meichak-meisha su koktri. Meecham kayano makhoina hatkhriba, maral leitaba mibu hatningba matamda hatpa, otningba matamda otpa neiba, nupi kayagi punshi manghan khiba, khongoinakhiba. Houjiksu makhoina akhoibu namthaduna adumak leiri. 

AFSPA amasung Lanmee gi Operation

Lalhouba namthanaba thawong (Counter insurgency operation) singi saruk ama oina combing operation kaya amasu chathakhi. Ming oina panba yaba lalhouba namthanaba chathakhiba operation sing adudi: Operation Blue Bird (1987), Operation All Clear (2004), Operation Tornado (2005), Operation Dragnet (2006). Masigi operation sing asi mee-oi bagi hakpu ngak selliba lup sing amasung meeoi kaya amana ningsing duna ngasisu leiri. Meeoibagi hak pu khongaonaduna amadi otpa neiba toukhiba sing waari nari. Maru oina khunja singbu lalhouba singna landarakpadagi ngakthok naba mayang lanmee sing na ngaklou oina sijinnakhiba kaya amasu leikhi. Mayang lanmee singna Naga lalhouba gi mathakta chathakhiba Operation Bluebird (1987) ta aki tujungba pokhanba thabak kaya ama thok-khi. Tha ahum saangna chathakhiba operation asida lanmee singna phamlanba, mihat-mipun chathaba, yum mei thaba amasung mee-ot meenei kaya ama khunjasingda chathakkhi. Pao che sing-gi matung enna, nupi ahum phamlanba, khara amana mayang lanmee singna makhut sangjinkhiba amasung angang naopuribi nupi anibuna meeyam mamang da namphuda angang pokhannaba hotnakhibana chingba sing ni, asigumlaba thouwong kaya ama mayang lanmee sing na chatthakhi.  Operation All Clear (2004), Operation Tornado (2005) amasung Operation Dragnet (2006) ta su nupi singda mee-ot meenei chathabagi thoudok kaya ama leikhi.

Waroisin

Masini lamdam asigi chanura singda mayang lanmee singna chathakhiba tamthiraba lichat, makhoina mayoknakhiba mee-ot meenei amasung awaba sing. Mathakta pankhriba wathok sing asida nattana meeyamna khangnadaba, wakatpa ngamhoudraba kaya amasu leiramkhini haibagi chingnaba su chaona leiri.

Arsenic Chanu

References

Imphal Free Press.  2019. “Civil bodies condemn alleged sexual assault by AR personnel.”  Published on November 20, 2019. https://ifp.co.in/civil-bodies-condemn-alleged-sexual-assault-by-ar-personnel/ 

Mahajan, Kanika. Manipur Under AFSPA: Sexual Violence and Impunity.  http://cpadelhi.com/gender.php?Id=8&CId=1. Retrieved on May, 5. 2020. 

M.C., Arunkumar & Irengbam Arun. 2009. “The Transcendental Role Of Women In Manipur History.” In New insights to the glorious Heritage of Manipur. Volume III. Edited by  H, Dwijasekhar. Delhi: Akansha Publishing House. http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=Role_of_Women/Meira_Paibi

Nunglekpam, Premi. 2014. “Warfare or Welfare: Women in the shadows of Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958 and assessing the call to repeal it (focus on North East State Manipur).” XIV National Conference on Equality, Pluralism and the State: perspectives from the women‘s movement, IAWS (Indian Association for women‘s Studies).

The Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights in Manipur and the UN. 2013. Manipur: Perils of War and Womanhood submitted to Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on ‘Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences’, consists of detailed documentation and lists of rape cases perpetrated by the Indian security personnel in Manipur from 1974-2013. Report submitted to Special Rapporteur, Human Rights Council.